Back-End Technologies

Server-Side Programming Languages:

Node.js: 

• Allows developers to build and run JavaScript applications.
• Asynchronous.
• Non-blocking I/O operations: the program can execute other tasks while waiting for I/O operations to complete.
• Built on the V8 JavaScript engine.
• Used for building real-time applications.
• Is cross-platform.

Python: 

• Programming language.
• Can be used for web development, data analysis, scientific computing, automation, AI, etc.
• Do not need to declare the data type of a variable explicitly.
• Extensive standard library that provides functions: file handling, string manipulation, networking, etc.

Ruby: 

• Known for its elegant syntax and used with the Ruby on Rails framework. 

Java:

• Platform-independent
• Used for a wide range of applications.
• Runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• Uses C++ and C#.

Server-Side Frameworks:

 
Express.js: 

• A minimalist framework for building web applications with Node.js.

Ruby on Rails: 

• A powerful framework for building Ruby applications.

Django: 

• Python framework that promotes rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.

Spring Boot:  

• Open-source Java framework.
• Reduces the need for extensive configuration.
• Includes embedded servlet containers (Tomcat, Jetty, and Undertow).
• Production-ready management endpoints and tools that provide information about the application’s runtime behavior, such as health status, metrics, and environment details.
   

Relational Databases: 

MySQL

• Easy to use.
• Popular choice for web applications, small-to-medium-sized businesses.
• Good performance in read-heavy workloads.
• Used for web applications, content management systems, e-commerce platforms, and various data-driven applications.

PostgreSQL

• Supports JSON and other NoSQL-like features.
• Great data integrity and adherence to standards.
• Allows developers to create custom data types, operators, and functions.
• Well-suited for applications with unique needs.

SQLite

• Does not require a separate server process to operate. The database engine is embedded directly into the application, and it reads and writes to a single file on disk.
• Cross-platform
• Minimal memory footprint.

NoSQL Databases: 

MongoDB

• Popular open-source NoSQL database management system.
• Designed to handle large volumes of data, provide high performance, and allow for flexible and dynamic data modeling.
• Stores data in documents in self-contained units that can hold complex data structures.

Cassandra

• Query language like SQL.
• Fault-tolerant.
• Flexible schema-less data model

Redis

• Stands for Remote Dictionary Serve
• Open-source, in-memory data structure store. 
• It can store and manipulate a wide variety of data structures, not just simple key-value pairs. 
• Designed for speed, scalability, and flexibility 

API Development:

 
REST (Representational State Transfer): 

• Architectural style for designing networked applications.

GraphQL: 

• A query language for APIs that allows clients to request specific data.

 
Server Management:

Nginx: 

• A web server used as a reverse proxy and for load balancing.

Apache: 

• Most widely used web servers.
• Apache Tomcat: open-source application server used to deploy and manage Java-based web applications.
• Apache Maven: build automation and project management tool used for building, packaging, and managing Java projects.
• Apache Spark: open-source data processing and analytics framework that supports batch processing, stream processing, machine learning, and graph processing.
• Apache Hadoop: ecosystem of open-source tools and libraries for processing and analyzing large datasets.
• And eight other technologies.

Authentication and Authorization: 

• Libraries like OAuth, JWT (JSON Web Tokens), and sessions to manage user authentication and access control.